Describing fractures on imaging

I'm still uneasy around x-rays. If it's not a clear cut case of whatever, it can feel like a magic-eye picture and whilst the Consultant's eyes bore into my temples I am left saying "uhhhhhhh".

One thing I picked up on the plastics rotation was describing fractures. Like so may things in medicine, and imaging in particular, there is a step-wise way to avoid missing out on any important details:

Always include the name of the patient, what kind of image it is, its orientation and when it was taken
Is it open or closed (does it fully penetrate the surrounding soft tissue)?
Is it transverse, oblique or spiral (exactly as the terms sound)?
Give the anatomical location of the bone involved and include the bone anatomy, too
Is there any joint (articular surface) involvement?
It is comminuted (more than two pieces)?

i.e. "This is a plain anterio-posterior radiograph of the right hand of John Smith, taken earlier today. There is a closed, oblique, mid-shaft fracture of the third metacarpal. There is no articular involvement and it is not comminuted"

ECG's and other deviant behaviour (part 1)

After an awesome and enlightening tutorial on ECG's from my new consultant, I thought I'd share some of the tips I wrote down. I appreciate a lot of people find ECG's old hat and this will not be high level stuff, but I've struggled with interpreting them for ages and found most lecturers to be lacking when it came to the slightly more complicated stuff (read: axis deviation). Anyway, this is the first part of my notes. Hope you find them useful.

ECG

As always comment on patient name, age, date that the ECG was taken (mention if chest pain was noted when ECG was taken).

Rate

• Check the paper speed! (hopefully it will be 25mm/ sec)
• Count the number of big squares between R waves and divide 300 by the number of squares

Rhythm

• Regular? If not approximate rate by counting 30 big squares and count number of R waves then times by 10 to get the bpm
• Sinus rhythm describes a QRS complex preceded by a normal P wave (Lead II is best for visualising P-waves, hence its use as rhythm strip

Cardiac deviation

• To determine whether or not the heart is deviated to the left or the right look at leads I, II and III. Determine which leads are positive and which are negative; to do this compare the peak and trough around the isoelectric line and sum them. A positive lead has a higher peak than trough and a negative lead has a lower trough than peak.
• If I and II are both positive, the heart is normally aligned
• If I is positive and II is negative, the heart is left deviated
• If III is positive and I and II are negative, the heart is right deviated
• Further to this, when looking at I, II and III determine which is closest to isoelectric (the peak = the trough). The heart is at 90 degrees to that lead - though check that aVR is negative to confirm correct lead placement.

P-waves

• Are there P waves preceding every QRS complex? If not you may be looking at Atrial Fibrillation.
• If there is a P wave, what kind of shape is it? If it M-shaped, it might well be P-mitrale. This is commonly seen in mitral valve disease, particularly mitral stenosis or a dilated/ hypertrophic left atrium. A tall, peaked P wave is indicative of P-pulmonale or right-atrium dilation/ hypertrophy caused by conditions such as COPD.

To be continued!

Do not look for patterns. Look for patterns.

George would be proud :)

Inspired by a bit of med school doublethink. On Tuesday afternoon last week we were told "Do Not Look For Patterns!" when it came to ECGs, by one of our clinical skills lecturers.

Shortly afterwards, we had a consultant cardiologist state "You should be able to identify around 20 different patterns on an ECG by the time you qualify".

So in a bid to upset no-one, I present a link to a cheat sheet I found whilst finishing off this week's LObs (Learning Objectives, it's a PBL thing)

ECG cheat sheet from ECGpedia

I've bookmarked ecgpedia for future reference. I think we shall become close friends over the years.